SMES-GCSC Coordination for Frequency and Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area and Multi-Source Power System with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources

Frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltages of synchronized generators must all be kept within prescribed limits to ensure stability an interconnected power grid through combined automatic generation control (AGC) voltage regulator (AVR) loops. Thermal plants, electric vehicles, renewable energy sources—including solar wind, geothermal, thermal plants—form two-area integrated system in present research. A new cascade controller named cascaded proportional integral derivative (PID) fractional-order PID (CPID-FOPID) is proposed for first time, whose performance compared with FOPID controller. The results show that outperforms delivering superior dynamic characteristics, including short settling times low oscillation amplitudes. metaheuristic algorithm coot was applied optimize parameters these controllers. suggested AGC AVR problem under uncertain conditions (random load disturbance, variable input irradiation, wind power). Robustness tested significant variation turbine time constant geothermal plant. In this study, authors also investigated best possible coordination between superconducting magnetic storage (SMES) gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) devices both frequency simultaneously. effect communication analyzed study. Additionally, obtained are satisfactorily validated using OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator.